What this is: A reading list for brands, property owners, investors and lenders: how FICO and FOCO work, how retail leases are priced, what the market data says and which rules apply.What happens next: Pick a topic, or start with the four models below. Every item opens on the publisher's own site.

Learn the expansion models

Chosen by the FicoFoco desk from regulators, industry bodies, rating agencies, law firms and the business press. We link and summarise; we don't reproduce, and nothing here is paid placement.

The four models, in one line each

FICOFranchise-invested, company-operated
An investor funds the outlet; the brand runs it day to day.
FOCOFranchise-owned, company-operated
The franchisee owns the outlet; the brand operates it.
FOFOFranchise-owned, franchise-operated
The franchisee owns and runs the outlet under the brand's standards.
COCOCompany-owned, company-operated
The brand funds and runs the outlet itself.

Commercial leasing

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